Julien Ratelade 1 , Jeffrey L. Bennett 2 , A
Introduction and Pathophysiology Introduction Spasticity has been defined as an increase in muscle tone due to hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex and is characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes. [1] Spasticity usually is accompanied by paresis and other signs, such as increased stretch reflexes, collectively called the upper motor neuron syndrome. Paresis particularly affects distal muscles, with loss of the ability to perform fractionated movements of the digits
Background: Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a human inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the central nervous system characterized by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis.
Purpose. To report changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in a patient with neuromyelitis optica (NMO).
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the neuropathologic features of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) at the medullary floor of the fourth ventricle and area postrema. Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) autoimmunity targets this region, resulting in intractable nausea associated with vomiting or hiccups in NMO. METHODS: This neuropathologic study was performed on archival brainstem tissue from 15 patients with NMO, 5 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), and 8 neurologically normal subjects.
This report describes the case of a 71-year-old woman with a limited form of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) who had a longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesion from the fourth to the tenth thoracic vertebrae.
Objetive: To demonstrate the occurrence of intractable hiccup and nausea (IHN) as first symptoms in Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) patients who developed cervical myelitis. Background: IHN are unique symptoms of NMO, which is a neurological disorder mainly characterized by optic neuritis and myelitis. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 25 cases of relapsing NMO seen at the Ramos Mejia Hospital in Argentina during the period from 2006 to 2010.